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Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 22, No. 6, 494-501 (2003)
Published by the American College of Nutrition

Original Research

The Effect of Flax Seed Cultivars with Differing Content of {alpha}-Linolenic Acid and Lignans on Responses to Mental Stress

J. David Spence, MD, Tanya Thornton, MD, Alister D. Muir, PhD and Neil D. Westcott, PhD

Robarts Research Institute, London (J.D.S.), CANADA
University of Toronto, Toronto (T.T.), CANADA
Agriculture Canada Research Centre, Saskatoon (A.D.M., N.D.W.), CANADA

Address reprint requests to: Dr. David Spence, Stroke Prevention & Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Siebens-Drake/Robarts Research Institute, 1400 Western Rd., London, ON, N6G 2V2, CANADA. E-mail: dspence{at}robarts.ca

Background: Phytoestrogens offer a possible alternative to hormone replacement therapy. Flax seed contains large quantities of a phytoestrogen precursor, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), as well as large quantities of {alpha}-linolenic acid; these factors may be protective against vascular disease. We have previously shown that the rise in blood pressure during mental stress is a strong predictor of atherosclerosis progression.

Methods: 35 postmenopausal women with vascular disease, 62 ± 8 years of age, were treated in a random-sequence double-blind Latin square crossover study comparing three strains of flax seed: Flanders (low in lignan and high in {alpha}-linolenic acid), Linola 989 (high in lignan and low in {alpha}-linolenic acid) and AC Linora (intermediate in both lignan and {alpha}-linolenic acid).

Results: Compared to the pre-treatment baseline diet, all three strains of flax significantly reduced blood pressure during mental stress induced by a frustrating cognitive task (Stroop color-word interference task) (p = 0.004). Linola 989, the strain highest in lignan and lowest in {alpha}-linolenic acid, was associated with the least increase in peripheral resistance during stress, the greatest reduction in plasma cortisol during stress and the smallest increase in plasma fibrinogen during mental stress.

Conclusion: Flax phytoestrogens ameliorate certain responses to stress and thus may afford protection against atherosclerosis; this hypothesis should be tested in clinical trials.

Key words: flax, phytoestrogen, stress, cardiovascular, blood pressure




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