HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Abstract Full Text Full Text (PDF) Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Ilich, J. Z. Articles by Crncevic-Orlic, Z. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Ilich, J. Z. Articles by Crncevic-Orlic, Z.

To Drink or Not to Drink: How Are Alcohol, Caffeine and Past Smoking Related to Bone Mineral Density in Elderly Women?

University of Connecticut, School of Allied Health, Storrs, CT (J.Z.I., R.A.B., L.T.)
Clinical Medical Centre, Endocrinology Department, Rijeka, Croatia (Z.C.-O.)

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Interaction between calcium and alcohol intake on bone mineral density (BMD) of lumbar spine (L1–L4). Values, mean ± SE (g/cm2), are adjusted for below and above median of calcium intake (750 mg/day), alcohol consumers and non-consumers, and all other confounders. Note the trend for the augmented effect of alcohol on BMD in both calcium-intake groups.

View larger version (43K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Interaction between calcium and caffeine intake on bone mineral density (BMD) of femoral neck and trochanter. Values, mean ± SE (g/cm2), are adjusted for below and above median of calcium intake (750 mg/day), caffeine consumers and non-consumers, and all other confounders. *Neck BMD in <750 mg/day Ca/caffeine consumers: p = 0.03, vs. <750 mg/day Ca/caffeine non-consumers; p = 0.02, vs. >750 mg/day Ca/caffeine non-consumers; p = 0.05, vs. >750 mg/day Ca/caffeine consumers. **Trochanter BMD in <750 mg/day Ca/caffeine consumers: p = 0.04, vs. <750 mg/day Ca/caffeine non-consumers; p = 0.05, vs. >750 mg/day Ca/caffeine non-consumers; p = 0.01, vs. >750 mg/day Ca/caffeine consumers. Note the negative effect of caffeine in the <750 mg/day Ca group and no effect in the >750 mg/day Ca group.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Interaction between calcium and past smoking exposure (y*pack) on total body bone mineral density. Values, mean ± SE (g/cm2), are adjusted for below and above median of calcium intake (750 mg/day), never-smokers and past smokers, and all other confounders. Note the negative effect of past smoke exposure in the <750 mg/day Ca group and no effect in the >750 mg/day Ca group.